18 Ronald Reagan, Remarks at the Swearing-In Ceremony for James H. Billington as Librarian of Congress, September 14, 1987. 17 See the Supreme Court holding in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) for a description of the state of education in the South at that earlier time. 51 Tim Vercellotti and Elizabeth Matto, The Classroom-Kitchen Table Connection: The Effects of Political Discussion on Youth Knowledge and Efficacy, CIRCLE Working Paper 72, August 2010. http://www.civicyouth.org/featured-the-classroom-kitchen-table-connection-the-effects-of-political-discussion-on-youth-knowledge-and-efficacy/. 56 Michael McDevitt, The Civic Bonding of School and Family: How Kids Voting Students Enliven the Domestic Sphere, CIRCLE Working Paper 7, July 2003. http://www.civicyouth.org/circle-working-paper-07-the-civic-bonding-of-school-and-family-how-kids-voting-students-enliven-the-domestic-sphere; 57 Charlane Fay Starks, Connecting Civic Education to Civil Right and Responsibility: A Strategy for Reducing Dropout Among African American Students, masters thesis, California State University, Sacramento, 2010. http://csus-dspace.calstate.edu/handle/10211.9/512. True knowledge consists in possessing ideas of universal validity and universal relevance. And slightly fewer than seven in ten twelfth graders reported that they had studied the U.S. Constitution in that year.73. As President Obama has noted, The loss of quality civic education from so many of our classrooms has left too many young Americans without the most basic knowledge of who our forefathers are, or the significance of the founding documents. They were unaware of the risks and sacrifices made by previous generations, to ensure that this country survived war and depression; through the great struggles for civil, and social, and workers rights. They worry that the standards movement may have inadvertently made the delivery of high-quality civic education more difficult. As of 2011, the Guardian of Democracy report noted that only sixteen states require meaningful assessment in the social studies a number that has declined in the past five years as states have eliminated civics assessments.80. See Woolley and Peters, The American Presidency Project. More worrisome than low levels of aggregate NAEP scores are indications that students from families of lower socioeconomic status (SES) have fewer opportunities to engage in activities that stimulate voting and civic engagement, and they substantially underperform those from upper SES families. 20 Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: George Adlard, 1838), 297. Top 10 Advantages of Female Education. PRESENTATION To deliver the lesson, the teacher adopts the following steps: 1. 50 Patrick Meirick and Daniel Wackman, Kids Voting and Political Knowledge,. 7 Gerald L. Gutek, Education in the United States: An Historical Perspective (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1986), 30.
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