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Comparative Neurology & Psychology). Wertheimer, M. (1938). Gestalt theory. An Austrian physician namedSigmund Freudchanged the face of psychology in a dramatic way, proposing atheory of personalitythat emphasized the importance of theunconscious mind. In 1936, Piaget received his first honorary doctorate from Harvard. Contrary to popular opinion, his primary target was not behaviorism, as it was not yet a force in psychology. Wundt attracted a large number of students not only from Germany, but also from abroad. In Vienna, meanwhile, Sigmund Freud developed an independent approach to the study of the mind called psychoanalysis, which has been widely influential. History of Psychology Introduction to Psychology I - BCcampus In 1955, the International Center for Genetic Epistemology was founded: an interdisciplinary collaboration of theoreticians and scientists, devoted to the study of topics related to Piaget's theory. Freuds clinical work with patients suffering from hysteria and other ailments led him to believe that early childhood experiences and unconscious impulses contributed to the development of adult personality and behavior. It contains criticisms of then-current explanations of a number of problems of perception, and the alternatives offered by the Gestalt school. The emergence of psychology as a medical discipline was given a major boost by Thomas Willis, not only in his reference to psychology (the "Doctrine of the Soul") in terms of brain function, but through his detailed 1672 anatomical work, and his treatise De anima brutorum quae hominis vitalis ac sentitiva est: exercitationes duae ("Two Discourses on the Souls of Brutes"meaning "beasts"). However, Willis acknowledged the influence of Descartes's rival, Pierre Gassendi, as an inspiration for his work. In the late nineteenth century, the French current was gradually overcome by the German field of study. The translated test was used by Goddard to advance his eugenics agenda with respect to those he deemed congenitally feeble-minded, especially immigrants from non-Western European countries. Important Events in the History of Modern Psychology. Although its scientific contribution is still a matter of debate, both Freudian and Jungian psychology revealed the existence of compartmentalized thinking, in which some behavior and thoughts are hidden from consciousness yet operative as part of the complete personality. Psychology Logos, on the other hand, began as the word for 'word', which then expanded to mean 'discourse' and 'science'. Operant Conditioning. Thus, the school was named Gestalt, a German term meaning approximately "form" or "configuration". Contributions of Women to Psychology. However, they interpreted their findings in light of John Dewey's new approach to psychology, which rejected the traditional stimulus-response understanding of the reflex arc in favor of a "circular" account in which what serves as "stimulus" and what as "response" depends on how one views the situation. For instance, in Ancient Egypt, the Edwin Smith Papyrus contains an early description of the brain, and some speculations on its functions (described in a medical/surgical context) and the descriptions could be related to Imhotep who was the first Egyptian physician who anatomized and discovered the body of the human being. [52] It was adopted for the treatment of hysteria by the director of Paris's Salptrire Hospital, Jean-Martin Charcot (18251893). Techniques. The first print use of the term "psychology", that is, Greek-inspired neo-Latin psychologia, is dated to multiple works dated 1525. Psychology